Integration of raw materials indicators of energy technologies into energy system models

• Four environmental indicators suitable for use in energy system models are proposed (85) The allow direct comparison of decarbonisation potential renewables (84) Gearbox double-fed induction generators the preferred form wind turbine (80) Cadmium telluride photovoltaics exhibit best overall raw materials outcomes (78) Raw and their related impacts will play a key role implementation renewable infrastructures decarbonization. Despite growing amount data quantifying production technologies, few examples these sources being included current models. Accordingly, this paper introduces possible pathways integrating material-specific life cycle assessment outputs material metabolism into so that requirements, associated impacts, can be accounted for. discusses availability inventories, impact methods important output indicators. most relevant to policy debate surrounding European Green Deal–namely, supply risk contribution recycled total supply–are also discussed alongside value adding information A methodology using from both approaches is offered operationalised four sub-technologies turbines solar photovoltaic panels as case studies. results show considerable variation exists between within two groups all technologies with lowest global warming potential, cumulative demand gearbox cadmium photovoltaics. Furthermore, significantly higher recycling rates than Ultimately, integration such methodologies could greatly increase awareness issues guide policies maximise compatibilities resource cleaner systems.